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Summary Today, control of equine infectious anemia (EIA) depends on the accuracy and use, in officially regulated laboratories, of the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test that detects antibody against the major EIAV core protein p26. EIAV surface unit and transmembrane glycoproteins, gp90 and gp45 respectively, also stimulate antibodies that recognize highly conserved group-specific determinants. In most new infections, antibodies against gp90 are detected first, followed by those against p26 and then gp45. Generally, the first positive test in each of the official testing formats is seen within 45 days of exposure. In immunoblot tests, antibodies against gp90 are the most abundant. The immunoblot test detects antibody against multiple antigens and is the most sensitive serologic indicator of infection with EIAV. Experience with official AGID and ELISA-based test kits in a variety of situations has allowed the design of optimal paradigms for the serologic diagnosis of EIA. The strengths of the available ELISA-based test kits (sensitivity, accuracy of interpretation, and multiple antigens) and the specificity of the AGID test are both capitalized upon. An additional advantage of the ELISA kits is potential for adaptation to field use. Our success in reaching reservoirs of EIAV may depend on wider acceptance of horse-side testing, in practical and affordable formats, especially for use in remote rural areas. |
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