Esophageal cancer genetics in South Africa
| Autor: | Mohammed Alaouna, Clement Penny, Zodwa Dlamini, Rodney Hull |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
education.field_of_study
business.industry Mortality rate Incidence (epidemiology) Population Gastroenterology Cancer medicine.disease 03 medical and health sciences Malnutrition 0302 clinical medicine 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis Environmental health medicine Adenocarcinoma 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology Rural area business education Survival rate |
| Zdroj: | Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 12:157-177 |
| ISSN: | 1178-7023 |
| DOI: | 10.2147/ceg.s182000 |
| Popis: | Esophageal cancer (EC) is an extremely aggressive cancer with one of the highest mortality rates. The cancer is generally only diagnosed at the later stages and has a poor 5-year survival rate due to the limited treatment options. China and South Africa are two countries with a very high prevalence rate of EC. EC rates in South Africa have been on the increase, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant subtype and a primary cause of cancer-related deaths in the black and male mixed ancestry populations in South Africa. The incidence of EC is highest in the Eastern Cape Province, especially in the rural areas such as the Transkei, where the consumption of foods contaminated with Fusarium verticillioides is thought to play a major contributing role to the incidence of EC. China is responsible for almost half of all new cases of EC globally. In China, the prevalence of EC varies greatly. However, the two main areas of high prevalence are the southern Taihang Mountain area (Linxian, Henan Province) and the north Jiangsu area. In both countries, environmental toxins play a major role in increasing the chance that an individual will develop EC. These associative factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, nutritional deficiencies and exposure to environmental toxins. However, genetic polymorphisms also play a role in predisposing individuals to EC. These include single-nucleotide polymorphisms that can be found in both protein-coding genes and in non-coding sequences such as miRNAs. The aim of this review is to summarize the contribution of genetic polymorphisms to EC in South Africa and to compare and contrast this to the genetic polymorphisms observed in EC in the most comprehensively studied population group, the Chinese. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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