| Popis: |
This chapter traces the growth of a West African-Indian cultural economy from the early 1900s, challenging the geographical and ideological limits of Gilroy’s Black Atlantic and Indian Ocean frameworks. A multidirectional flow of texts, images, and people produced African-Indian exchanges seen to possess power and danger. New cultural expressions included Mami Wata worship and novel Islamic movements such as the Indian Ahmadiyya missionary movement, a heterodox Muslim sect that adopted Pan-Islamic and Pan-African politics. Through a critical race consciousness emerging between America, West Africa, and India, Blackness was redefined not only in opposition to whiteness but affirmatively as a critical humanism. Rather than non-racialism, Afro-Indian racial ideology highlighted their common human origins, ancient migrations, mixed-racial identity, and millennialism. |
