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In this chapter, we focus on characteristics of the normal distribution and single-sample significance tests that are used for variables measured at the ratio and interval levels. Specifically, this chapter reviews percentages under the normal curve, application of the 68-95-99.7 rule, and how to conduct a significance test in R for the following: (1) comparing a sample mean to a known population (single-sample z-test for means), (2) comparing a sample mean to an unknown population (single-sample t-test), and (3) comparing a sample proportion to a population proportion (single-sample z-test for proportions). In doing so, the chapter walks through criminal justice-related examples, lays out the null and alternative hypotheses for presented examples, and shows the user how to make a determination about the null hypothesis for the aforementioned tests from R output. Additionally, you will learn how to write your own functions in R. |
