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A membrane is a selective barrier that permits the separation of certain species in a fluid by combination of sieving and diffusion mechanism. Mostly used in tertiary treatment, membrane separation technology may be pressure driven (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, etc.), concentration driven (dialysis, pervaporation, forward osmosis, gas separation, etc.), electrical potential driven (electrodialysis, membrane electrolysis, fuel cell, etc.), or thermal driven (membrane distillation). Membrane technologies offer advantages like high selectivity, low energy consumption, moderate cost-to-performance ratio, and compact and modular design to have highest quality water. However, these high performances are often accompanied with few limitations like establishment cost, feed water quality, maintenance and membrane fouling, etc. To overcome these limitations various research is conducted by researchers on hybrid process where existing membrane process is combined with other membrane process or a conventional process to have optimal separation process to overcome the regular drawbacks and achieve noteworthy benefits, for example, lowering capital and operation cost but achieve high-quality separations which are beyond conventional process capacity. The chapter provides insight about the current research trend on utilization of membrane-based hybrid technology at various configuration such as membrane-membrane or membrane-other conventional system for processing wastewater. |
