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Without effective strategies, the majority of scientifically developed healthcare interventions fail to be implemented successfully (Grol & Grimshaw, 2003). Researchers and implementation practitioners are successful in identifying determinants of implementation, ie. implementation hindering or facilitating factors, such as the patient’s acceptance, and technical or organizational needs (Damschroder et al., 2009; Fleuren et al., 2014; Flottorp et al., 2013; Vis et al., 2018). Subsequently, strategies can be developed that address those determinants of implementation. Several strategies such as coaching, champions, and educational programs are often used and can improve implementation outcomes (Powell et al., 2015). However, one-size fits all strategies do likely not exist. Barriers and facilitators (ie. determinants) vary from intervention to intervention, from setting to setting, and from time to time. Tailoring in implementation science consists of three steps: (1) prospectively identify implementation determinants, (2) match and select appropriate implementation strategies that address the identified determinant(s), and (3) apply the strategy and monitor progress towards improving the implementation (Baker et al., 2015, Wensing et al., 2011. Recently, several frameworks and tools are suggested which aim to support tailoring, for example Intervention Mapping (Bartholomew Eldredge, 2016), Mechanism Mapping (Geng et al., 2022), the CFIR-ERIC Implementation Strategy Matching Tool (Waltz et al., 2019), ItFits Toolkit (Vis et al., in review), and the Theory & Techniques Tool (Johnston et al., 2021). Although tailoring can be effective, less is known about effective methods for matching specific (sets of) implementation strategies to the identified determinants, (i.e. step 2 of tailoring) especially how this is done in practice. In order to improve the effectiveness of implementation strategies, selecting strategies should be guided by methods that ensure the most effective and efficient strategy is selected. From practice and from scientific research, it appears that there is a need for an overview of methods for linking determinants to strategies (Grol et al., 2013; Waltz et al., 2019). |
