| Popis: |
Both optical and electron microscopy techniques are discussed in relation to pharmaceutical formulation development. Microscopy is a very useful tool in pharmaceutical research, formulation development, process development, and quality control of manufactured products. Microscopy is routinely used for the examination of the drug material (the API—Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient), excipients (inactive ingredients present in the finished dosages), or the drug product. Both particle size and morphology are key characteristics for product performance; morphology is particularly important for aerosol dosage forms, in which particle flow is critical. Microscopes that use illumination sources in the ultraviolet the infrared regions are also available, and their application in pharmaceutical product development is gaining popularity. The importance of electron microscopes (both scanning and transmission) is discussed and the application of atomic force microscopy in pharmaceutical research has been pointed out. |
