Additive manufacturing of steels: a review of achievements and challenges
| Autor: | Majid Laleh, Nima Haghdadi, Sophie Primig, Maxwell Moyle |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
010302 applied physics
Austenite Materials science business.industry Mechanical Engineering Metallurgy 3D printing 02 engineering and technology engineering.material 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology 01 natural sciences Corrosion Mechanics of Materials Residual stress 0103 physical sciences Solid mechanics Tool steel engineering General Materials Science Tempering 0210 nano-technology Ductility business |
| Zdroj: | Journal of Materials Science. 56:64-107 |
| ISSN: | 1573-4803 0022-2461 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s10853-020-05109-0 |
| Popis: | Metal additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is a disruptive manufacturing technology in which complex engineering parts are produced in a layer-by-layer manner, using a high-energy heating source and powder, wire or sheet as feeding material. The current paper aims to review the achievements in AM of steels in its ability to obtain superior properties that cannot be achieved through conventional manufacturing routes, thanks to the unique microstructural evolution in AM. The challenges that AM encounters are also reviewed, and suggestions for overcoming these challenges are provided if applicable. We focus on laser powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition as these two methods are currently the most common AM methods to process steels. The main foci are on austenitic stainless steels and maraging/precipitation-hardened (PH) steels, the two so far most widely used classes of steels in AM, before summarising the state-of-the-art of AM of other classes of steels. Our comprehensive review highlights that a wide range of steels can be processed by AM. The unique microstructural features including hierarchical (sub)grains and fine precipitates induced by AM result in enhancements of strength, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of AM steels when compared to their conventional counterparts. Achieving an acceptable ductility and fatigue performance remains a challenge in AM steels. AM also acts as an intrinsic heat treatment, triggering ‘in situ’ phase transformations including tempering and other precipitation phenomena in different grades of steels such as PH steels and tool steels. A thorough discussion of the performance of AM steels as a function of these unique microstructural features is presented in this review. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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