| Popis: |
Neuroaxial anesthesia was first conceived in the 19th century and became an integral part of anesthesia in the 20th century, providing an alternative for general anesthesia. Local anesthetic and opioids are generally administered in the epidural space (epidural anesthesia) or intrathecal space (spinal anesthesia). Some studies have shown that neuroaxial anesthesia was associated with lower postoperative morbidity, diminished surgical stress response demonstrated by decreased hyperglycemia, lower cortisol levels, and some lower pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this regard, it is important to know the anatomy, risks, and indications for neuroaxial blockade and the differences between epidural and spinal anesthesia, which are discussed in detail. |
