To char or not to char? Review of technologies to produce solid fuels for resource recovery from faecal sludge
| Autor: | Linda Strande, Nienke Andriessen, Barbara J. Ward |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
Waste management
020209 energy Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health 02 engineering and technology 010501 environmental sciences Development Solid fuel 01 natural sciences Pollution 0202 electrical engineering electronic engineering information engineering Environmental science Char Waste Management and Disposal 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Water Science and Technology Resource recovery |
| Zdroj: | Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 9:210-224 |
| ISSN: | 2408-9362 2043-9083 |
| DOI: | 10.2166/washdev.2019.184 |
| Popis: | Resource recovery from faecal sludge can take many forms, including as a fuel, soil amendment, building material, protein, animal fodder, and water for irrigation. Resource recovery as a solid fuel has been found to have high market potential in Sub-Saharan Africa. Laboratory- and pilot-scale research on faecal sludge solid fuel production exists, but it is unclear which technology option is most suitable in which conditions. This review offers an overview and critical analysis of the current state of technologies that can produce a dried or carbonized solid fuel, including drying, pelletizing, hydrothermal carbonization, and slow-pyrolysis. Carbonization alters fuel properties, and in faecal sludge, it concentrates the ash content and decreases the calorific value. Overall, a non-carbonized faecal sludge fuel is recommended, unless a carbonized product is specifically required by the combustion technology or end user. Carbonized and non-carbonized fuels have distinct characteristics, and deciding whether to char or not to char is a key judgement in determining the optimal solid fuel technology option. Based on the existing evidence, this review provides a decision-making structure for selecting the optimal technology to produce a faecal sludge solid fuel and identifies the top research needs prior to full-scale implementation. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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