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Crenicichla ploegi, new species (Figs. 1, 2, 3a–c, 4, 5, 6a, 8 and 10b; Tab. 2) Holotype. MZUSP 120714, male, 89.8 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Papagaio, large river pool in the Fazenda Savocal (near road to Brasnorte), 12°46'04"S 58°23'05"W, 8–9 Oct 2006, F. A. Machado, F. C. T. Lima, C. M. C. Leite & N. E. Silva. Paratypes. Brazil. Mato Grosso. Rio Tapajós basin (168 specimens: 27.0– 190.4 mm SL). LBP 7953, 4, 38.3–68.8 mm SL, Nova Mutum, Rio dos Patos, 13°48'03"S 056°01'38"W, 23 Jan 2009, C. Oliveira et al. LBP 7966, 2, 58.4–59.4 mm SL, Nova Mutum, tributary of Rio dos Patos, 13°48'13"S 56°09'25"W, 23 Jan 2009, C. Oliveira et al. LBP 7979, 12, 35.6–107.1 mm SL, Nova Mutum, tributary of Rio dos Patos, 13°49'08"S 56°10'53"W, 23 Jan 2009, C. Oliveira et al. LBP 7999, 1, 85.5 mm SL, Nova Mutum, Rio Igarapé, 14°08'14"S 56°05'48"W, 24 Jan 2009, C. Oliveira et al. LBP 13259, 5, 52.9–117.3 mm SL, Diamantino, riacho Alegre, 13°59'04"S 057°04'01"W, 10 Aug 2011, I. Camaragibe & J. Pacheco. LBP 19604, 4, 43.6–63.0 mm SL, Campo Novo dos Parecis, Rio Verde, 13°37'11"S 58°00'49"W, 21 Jun 2009, R. Devidé et al. MCP 30282, 2, 27.3–44.9 mm SL, São José do Rio Claro, stream near the road MT-010, Rio Arinos basin, 13°37'23"S 056°29'18"W, 17 Jan 2002, R. E. Reis et al. MCP 30295, 1, 59.0 mm SL, São José do Rio Claro, Rio Claro or Rio Água Verde, 12 km Southeast from São José do Rio Claro, road MT-010, 13°30'12"S 056°37'08"W, 17 Jan 2002, R. E. Reis et al. MCP 30311, 1, 87.5 mm SL (measured and counted), Tapurah, stream at road MT-338, 46 km North from Tapurah, 12°23'14"S 56°41'54"W, 19 Jan 2002, R. E. Reis et al. MCP 38400, 1, 41.2 mm SL, Sapezal, córrego Água Quente, road between Sapezal and Rio Papagaio, 13°32'25"S 058°43'32"W, 13 Jul 2004, R. E. Reis et al. MCP 38423, 3, 47.4–52.5 mm SL, Campos de Júlio, Rio Juruena, at road from Campos de Júlio to Sapezal, 13°33'05"S 059°02'03"W, 13 Jul 2004, R. E. Reis et al. MCP 39528, 1, 69.4 mm SL (measured and counted), Sapezal, upstream dam in Rio Sauê-Uiná, road BR-364 toward Sapezal, 13°32'22"S 058°50'48"W, 13 Jul 2004, P. Lehmann et al. MCP 39559, 1, 61.3 mm SL (measured and counted), Sapezal, Rio Sauê-Uiná dam, at road BR-364, 13°32'26"S 058°50'47"W, 13 Jul 2004, P. Lehmann et al. MCP 42678, 2, 32.6–32.8 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Sacre, 13°36'52"S 058°05'38"W, 3 Aug 2007, V. Lampert & M. Teixeira. MCP 42680, 33, 19.4–23.6 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Verde, 13°38'34"S 58°01'04"W, 8 Mar 2007, V. Lampert & M. Teixeira. MCP 42771, 1, 77.6 mm SL, Rio Sacre, 13°36'52"S 058°05'40"W, 7 Jun 2007, V. Lampert. MCP 42673, 2, 40.3–49.4 mm SL (1 measured and counted: 49.4 mm SL), Sapezal, Rio Sacre, 13°36'52"S 058°05'38"W, 3 Aug 2007, V. Lampert & M. Teixeira. MZUSP 61081, 2, 82.4–86.5 mm SL (measured and counted), Nova Mutum, Fazenda Buriti, unnamed stream of the Rio Arinos basin, 13°51'52"S 56°11'36"W, 16 Feb 2000, F.C.T. Lima et al. MZUSP 61099, 2, 37.1–53.6 mm SL (measured and counted), Nova Mutum, Rio Criquiri, tributary of Rio dos Patos, 13°48'10"S 56°09'29"W, 19 Feb 2000, F. C.T. Lima et al. MZUSP 82075, 1, 55.8 mm SL, Brasnorte, hydroelectric dam Bocaíva, Rio Cravari, tributary of Rio do Sangue, 3 Jan 2003, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 93548, 6, 39.3–94.8 mm SL (4 measured and counted: 34.7–94.8 mm SL), Sapezal, Rio Papagaio and at the mouth of the Rio Buriti, close of the bridge at the road between Sapezal and Brasnorte, 12°47'06"S 58°23'05"W, 7–9 Oct 2006, F. A. Machado et al. MZUSP 93697, 4, 65.5–118.7 mm SL (measured and counted), collected with holotype. MZUSP 108368, 1, 43.5 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, upstream hydroelectric dam Santa Lúcia, 13°39'18"S 59°01'12"W, 24 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108369, 1, 27.6 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, downstream hydroelectric dam Segredo, 13°14'54"S 59°01'43"W, 3 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108370, 2, 48.9–67.6 mm SL (1 measured and counted, 67.6 mm SL), Sapezal, Rio Juruena, downstream hydroelectric dam Santa Lúcia, 13°32'37"S 59°01'48"W, 25 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108371, 2, 29.7–66.2 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, downstream hydroelectric dam Telegráfica, 12°41'22"S 58°56'47"W, 15 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108372, 4, 24.6–62.5 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, downstream hydroelectric dam Rondon, 12°53'38"S 58°55'11"W, 20 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108373, 1, 41.6 mm SL, Campos de Júlio, Rio Juruena, Fazenda Tiroleza, 14°16'38"S 59°05'22"W, 19 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108374, 2, 49.8–61.4 mm SL, Campos de Júlio, Rio Juruena, Fazenda Tiroleza, 14°16'38"S 59°05'22"W, 19 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108375, 2, 45.9–46.0 mm SL, Campos de Júlio, pool between Rio Juruena and riacho Cabeceira, near road BR-364, 14°39'43"S 59°06'27"W, 18 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108376, 1, 47.2 mm SL, Campos de Júlio, Rio Juruena, near road BR-364, 14°39'40"S 59°06'27"W, 18 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108377, 3, 27.6–77.7 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, downstream hydroelectric dam Telegráfica, 12°37'32"S 58°55'36"W, 14 Sep 2007, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108380, 4, 27.0– 57.3 mm SL, 3 c&s, 59.2–67.7 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, downstream hydroelectric dam Ilha Comprida, 13°11'32"S 58°58'51"W, 27 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108381, 1, 69.4 mm SL (measured and counted), Campos de Júlio, Rio Juruena, downstream bridge at the road BR-364, 14°39'40"S 59°06'27"W, 18 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108382, 1, 43.8 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, upstream hydroelectric dam Santa Lúcia, left margin, 13°37'55"S 59°03'03"W, 24 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108383, 1, 53.3 mm SL, Campos de Júlio, Rio Juruena, Fazenda Tiroleza, upstream airport, 14°15'47"S 59°05'25"W, 19 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108384, 1, 43.3 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, downstream hydroelectric dam Segredo, 13°13'47"S 59°01'59"W, 27 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108385, 1, 49.4 mm SL, Campos de Júlio, tributary of the Rio Juruena, near road BR-364, 14°39'40"S 59°06'27"W, 18 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108386, 1, 50.5 mm SL, Campos de Júlio, Rio Juruena, near road BR-364, 14°39'00"S 59°06'00"W, 17 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108387, 1, 56.4 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, upstream hydroelectric dam Sapezal, right margin, 13°16'06"S 59°01'27"W, 22 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108388, 1, 50.3 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, downstream hydroelectric dam Ilha Comprida, 13°12'06"S 58°59'03"W, 26 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108389, 2, 37.2– 41.9 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, upstream hydroelectric dam Santa Lúcia, 13°34'49"S 59°01'48"W, 24 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108390, 1, 30.5 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, downstream hydroelectric dam Sapezal, right margin, 13°14'47"S 59°00'52"W, 22 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108391, 2, 27.4–28.1 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, downstream hydroelectric dam Telegráfica, 12°41'05"S 58°56'29"W, 14 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108392, 1, 27.6 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, downstream hydroelectric dam Rondon, 12°53'38"S 58°55'11"W, 20 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108393, 1, 31.5 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, downstream hydroelectric dam Telegráfica, 12°39'51"S 58°55'53"W, 14 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 108395, 1, 24.6 mm SL, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, downstream hydroelectric dam Telegráfica, 12°41'02"S 58°56'26"W, 14 Sep 2006, K. de Silimon. MZUSP 115689, 6, 45.8–62.3 mm SL, Campos de Júlio, Rio Juína, road between Comodoro and Campos de Júlio, 13°47'41.2"S 59°27'19.6"W, 29 Sep 2013, O. T. Oyakawa et al. NRM 16872, 1, 52.0 mm SL, Rio Capitao Elio, tributary to Rio do Sangue, where crossed by MT-170 road North of Brasnorte, 12 Oct 1989, S. O. Kullander et al. NRM 26098. 3, 54.1–84.6 mm SL, Rio Juruena at ferry crossing 60 km East of Juína, 11°30'S 58°40'W, 14 Oct 1989, S. O. Kullander et al. NUP 11630, 2, 62.0– 101.2 mm SL (measured and counted), Diamantino, Rio Preto, tributary of the Rio Arinos 14°07'46.6"S 56°42'15.3"W, 15 Sep 2010, C. H. Zawadzki. ZUEC 10053, 8, 43.2–146.1 mm SL (4 measured and counted: 96.9–146.1 mm SL), São José do Rio Claro, Rio Claro, above road MT-235, 13°52'S 56°41'W, 4–12 May 2007, I. M. Fernandes & G. M. Alencar. ZUEC 10091, 1, 116.3 mm SL, São José do Rio Claro, Rio Claro, below road MT-235, 13°53'30"S 56°41'1"W, 4–5 May 2007, I. M. Fernandes & G. M. Alencar. ZUEC 10103, 2, 124.3– 164.4 mm SL (measured and counted), São José do Rio Claro, Rio Claro, below road MT-235, 13°47'38"S 56°42'10"W, 11 May 2007, I. M. Fernandes & G. M. Alencar. ZUEC 10144, 4, 41.4–190.4 mm SL (3 measured and counted: 115.9–190.4 mm SL), São José do Rio Claro, Rio Claro, below road MT-235, 13°50'43"S 56°41'46"W, 8–11 May 2007, I. M. Fernandes & G. M. Alencar. ZUEC 10179, 2, 34.1–123.7 mm SL (1 measured and counted: 123.7 mm SL), São José do Rio Claro, Rio Claro, above road MT- 235, 13°51'23"S 56°41'11"W, 4–6 May 2007, I. M. Fernandes & G. M. Alencar. ZUEC 10181, 3, 55.6–142.0 mm SL, São José do Rio Claro, Rio Claro, below road MT-235, 13°48'20"S, 56°41'34"W, 4–10 May 2007, I. M. Fernandes & G. M. Alencar. ZUEC 10244, 6, 41.7–97.3 mm SL, São José do Rio Claro, Rio Claro, below road MT- 235, 13°47'57"S 56°41'50"W, 10–15 May 2007, I. M. Fernandes & G. M. Alencar. ZUEC 10290, 1, 69.8 mm SL, São José do Rio Claro, córrego da Sucuri, tributary of the Rio Claro, 13°50'53"S 56°41'51"W, 8–9 May 2007, I. M. Fernandes & G. M. Alencar. Rio Paraguai basin (11 specimens: 48.4–127.2 mm SL). LBP 7540, 5, 52.7–86.7 mm SL (measured and counted), Campo Novo dos Parecis, Rio Verde, 14°33'24"S 57°48'43"W, 16 Jul 2008, W.P. Troy. MZUSP 78721, 1, 48.4 mm SL (measured and counted), Reserva do Cabaçal, Rio Juba, at the confluence with Rio São José, 14°48'16"S 58°17'56"W, 7 Mar 2002, F.C.T. Lima et al. MZUSP 78847, 1, 76.4 mm SL (measured and counted), Jauru, Rio Jauru, Fazenda do Sr. Salu, upstream of Salto da Fumaça, 15°11'04"S 58°43'43"W, 3–4 Mar 2002, F. A. Machado et al. MZUSP 78884, 3, 105.2– 127.2 mm SL (measured and counted), Tangará da Serra, lake in the Rio Juba, 14°45'S 58°3'W, 18 May 1996, G. Borges. MZUSP 82067, 1, 88.3 mm SL (measured and counted), Arapatinga, Rio Jauru, downstream hydroelectric dam Alto Jauru, ca. 15°18'S 58°42'W, 11 Dec 2002, K. de Silimon. Diagnosis. Crenicichla ploegi is placed in the C. saxatilis species group as diagnosed here (see Discussion) by having a humeral blotch even in the smallest specimens observed, less than 80 scales in the E1 row (58–71), dimorphic males with many light dots scattered on the flank (Fig. 5), and infraorbital series with very slender lacrimal bone and five separate post-lacrimal tubular infraorbitals (Fig. 6a). It is distinguished from all other species of the C. saxatilis group by the presence of dark spots and vermiculations on snout, interorbital area and dorsally on head in many adults up to 146.6 mm SL (Fig. 3b, c) vs. dark markings absent or present only in juveniles but absent in adults (head uniformly dark gray in adults from 80 mm SL; Fig. 3e), and by the presence of a deep and strongly pigmented lateral band present in both juveniles and adults, occupying a depth of 4–6 horizontal scale rows vs. lateral band narrower, occupying a depth of 2–3 horizontal scale rows, and conspicuous only in juveniles and smaller specimens, faded or absent in larger specimens. In addition, Crenicichla ploegi is more elongate (body depth 17.8–21.7% SL) and has more scales in the E1 row (58–71 scales) than C. brasiliensis, C. britskii, C. frenata, C. isbrueckeri, C. labrina, C. lepidota, C. proteus, C. santosi, C. saxatilis and C. semicincta (body depth more than 21% SL [Table 3, Fig. 9], and fewer than 56 scales in the E1 row). Crenicichla ploegi differs from C. alta, C. albopunctata, C. anthurus, C. coppenamensis, C. pydanielae and C. sipaliwini by having the humeral blotch situated almost entirely below the anterior branch of the lateral line (Fig. 10b) vs. humeral blotch with center on the level of the anterior branch of the lateral line (Fig. 10c). Description. Largest male 190.4 mm SL, largest female 115.9 mm SL. Refer to Figs. 1, 2, 4 and 5 for general aspect. Morphometric data in Table 2. Head slightly deeper than wide. Caudal peduncle longer than deep, or with approximately equal length and depth (caudal peduncle depth 61.0–98.2% caudal peduncle length). Snout short, rounded in dorsal view, pointed in lateral view. Lower jaw prognathous, its articulation with quadrate posterior to middle of orbit, reaching vertical through posterior margin of orbit in some specimens; posterior rear of maxilla almost reaching vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Ascending premaxillary processes reaching to about one-half the orbit diameter. Lower lip folds separate anteriorly, folds of upper lip discontinuous, with a symphyseal thickening. Postlabial skin fold margin truncate. Orbit supralateral, visible from below, entirely in anterior half of head. Interorbital area flat, narrower than mouth. Nostril dorsolateral, closer to anterior margin of orbit than to tip of postlabial skin fold, with small tubular margin exposed, but no anterior marginal membranaceous skin flap. Posterior margin of preopercle regularly serrated or with projections on its superior portion in larger specimens. Posterior margin of supracleithrum smooth. Lateralis pores on head simple. Infraorbital series with one lacrimal (interpreted as lacrimals 1+2), with four pores, and five tubular postlacrimal infraorbitals (3–7); lacrimal slender (length 26.4–28.9% depth); infraorbital 7 curved posteriorly (Fig. 6a). Flank scales ctenoid. Scales cycloid on head, on dorsum above anterior half of upper lateral line, along dorsalfin base, on chest, and on belly below line from lower edge of pectoral-fin base to anal-fin origin. Predorsal scales small, embedded in skin, extending forward to transverse frontal lateralis canal; prepelvic scales smaller than predorsal ones. Cheek completely scaled, about 9–10 horizontal scale rows below orbit, superficially embedded in skin. Preopercle naked; interopercle naked or with a patch of 1–3 scales posteriorly, embedded in skin. Scales in E1 row 59 (1), 60*(2), 61 (3), 62 (2), 63 (3), 64 (2), 65 (3), 66 (7), 67 (2), 68 (6) or 71 (1) in specimens from Rio Juruena, 58 (1), 60 (4), 61 (1), 62 (3), 63 (1) or 65 (1) in specimens from upper Rio Paraguai. Transverse scale row 14–15+1+5. Circumpeduncular scale rows 11–13 dorsally, 11–13 ventrally (24–28 including lateral lines). Lateral-line scales 20/13 (2), 20/14 (2), 20/15 (1), 21/11 (2), 21/12 (2), 21/13 (3), 21/14 (3), 22/11 (2), 22/12 (2), 22/13 (4), 23/11* (4), 23/12 (4), 25/11 (1) in specimens from Rio Juruena, 21/12 (1), 22/10 (1), 22/11 (2), 22/ 12(1), 23/13 (1), 24/10 (2), 24/11 (3) or in specimens from upper Rio Paraguai, and 2–3 scales continuing lower line onto caudal fin. Upper and lower branches of lateral line not overlapping. Scales between upper lateral line and first dorsal-fin spine 9–11; scales between upper lateral line and last dorsal-fin spine 4–5; horizontal scale rows between branches of lateral line 3–4. Lateral-line scales larger and more elongate than scales of adjacent rows; each scale of upper branch of lateral line impinging 2–3 scales of ventrally-adjacent row, each scale of lower branch of lateral line impinging 2 (rarely 3) scales of dorsally-adjacent row. Dorsal, anal, pectoral and pelvic fins without scales. Caudal-fin squamation extending to about one third of fin length, posterior margin of scaled area concave. First dorsal-fin spine about one-fourth the length of last; spines subequal in length from 11th spine. Posterior edge of soft part of dorsal fin pointed, longest ray (10th) slightly beyond base of caudal fin, extending to approximately one-half the length of caudal fin in some specimens. Dorsal-fin count XVIII.13 (1), XVIII.14 (3), XVIII.15 (2), XVIII.16 (3), XIX.13 (1), XIX.14* (9), XIX.15 (6), XX.13 (2) or XX.14 (5) in specimens from rio Juruena, XVIII.14 (1), XVIII.15 (1), XIX.14 (5), XIX.15 (1), XX.14 (3) in specimens from upper rio Paraguai. Posterior edge of soft anal fin pointed, 7th or 8th ray longest, reaching caudal fin base or extending to approximately one-fifth the length of caudal fin. Anal fin count III.9 (2), III.10 *(11), III.11 (17), III.12 (2) in specimens from rio Juruena, III.9 (3), III.10 (8) in specimens from upper rio Paraguai. Caudal fin rounded with 8 principal and 6–7 procurrent rays on each lobe. Pectoral fin rounded, 7th or 8th ray longest, not reaching halfway from its base to first anal-fin spine. Pectoral-fin rays 15 (7), 16 (23), 17*(2) in specimens from rio Juruena, 15 (1), 16 (8), 17 (2) in specimens from upper rio Paraguai. Pelvic fin rounded and nearly symmetrical, inserted slightly posterior to pectoral axilla at vertical through dorsal-fin spine III; 2th pelvic-fin ray longest, reaching halfway from its base to spinous anal fin, very far from genital papillae. All oral teeth conical, recurved. Teeth arranged in one outer row and 2–3 inner rows in dentary and premaxilla, with at least one of inner rows extending posteriorly almost as long as outer row and other rows more or less restricted to symphyseal portion. Teeth in outer row movable, but larger and slightly more fixed than teeth in inner rows, depressible; outer-row teeth near symphysis of dentary and premaxilla larger than posterior ones. Outer row with 22–30 teeth on right, 25–28 on left premaxilla; 27–33 on right, 25–30 on left dentary (counted in three c&s specimens, 59.2–67.7 mm SL). First gill arch of specimens from rio Juruena with 1 (6) or 2*(24) gill rakers externally on epibranchial and 8*(4), 9 (18), 10 (8), 11 (1) on ceratobranchial. S |
