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BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy (NET) is seldom used in breast cancer management except in patients with several comorbidities or in elderly patients in which chemotherapy is not an option. Clinical response with NET is not typically achieved until after several months of treatment. In the NET setting, reduction of Ki67 (< 10%) after 2-4 weeks has been used as a predictor of positive response, but studies such as ALTERNATE have questioned this association. It remains uncertain whether a single gene or protein can adequately predict outcomes or inform how NET alters a variety of cancer genes and global tumor biology. This study evaluated the effect of short-term NET on the tumor genomics of patients with early-stage breast cancer (EBC) by comparing whole transcriptome gene expression changes in matched pre- and post-NET tumor samples. METHODS: In this single-institution FLEX substudy performed at Johns Hopkins, patients (n=30) with matched pre- and post-treatment specimens who received at least two weeks of NET between 2019 – 2021 were included. Premenopausal and male patients with breast cancer received Tamoxifen (n=10) and postmenopausal women received either Letrozole (n=10) or Exemestane (n=10). Limma R package was used for quantile normalization and differential gene expression analysis. Significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) had a false discovery rate of < 0.05 and >2-fold change. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed using Reactome. For patients with available clinical information, changes in immunohistochemistry (IHC) between pre- and post-NET were quantified using absolute values, and the median percent change was reported, with significance assessed using the Wilcoxon test. The observational FLEX trial (NCT03053193) enrolls patients with EBC who have MammaPrint (MP) with or without BluePrint testing and consent to clinically annotated full transcriptome data collection. MammaPrint classifies tumors as having a Low Risk (LR) or High Risk (HR) of distant recurrence. BluePrint is a molecular subtyping assay, and together with MammaPrint, tumors are classified as Luminal A-Type (MP LR), Luminal B-Type (MP HR), HER2-Type, or Basal-Type. RESULTS: Transcriptional profiles between pre- and post-NET samples were distinct with short-term NET inducing 774 DEGs. The majority of significant DEGs (n=748) such as MGAT1, IQGAP3, and PRC1, which are associated with tumor aggressiveness and metastasis, were downregulated in post-NET samples. Upregulated genes in post-NET tumors, such as FOS, JUN, and EGR1, are involved in estrogen signaling and NF-κB pathways and are associated with better outcomes. Among the 30 patients, 7 (6 Luminal B and 1 Basal) remained MP HR and 16 remained MP LR (Luminal A) pre- and post-NET, 1 changed from LR (Luminal A) pre-NET to HR (Luminal B) post-NET, and 6 changed from HR (Luminal B) pre-NET to LR post-NET (Luminal A). The median percent change by IHC in matched pre- and post-NET tissue was 2.5% for estrogen receptor (ER) (range: 0-50%; p=0.750), 22% for progesterone receptor (PR) (range: 0-81%; p=0.097), and 9% for Ki67 (range: 0-43%; p=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, significant gene expression changes were discovered within a shorter timeframe than when clinical responses are usually observed in the NET setting. This could indicate biological complexity and diverse response pathways, which may be more informative when combined with a single IHC biomarker (ER/PR/Ki67). Results from this study should be confirmed using a larger cohort. Future studies will determine the significance of these DEGs and their impact on outcomes, and will further define gene expression changes by endocrine therapy type (tamoxifen versus aromatase inhibitors). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: We would like to thank Lynn and Robert Downing for their generous support of our study. Citation Format: Mehran Habibi, Danijela Jelovac, Rima Couzi, Cesar Augusto Santa-Maria, Catherine Klein, Marissa White, Nivali Naik, Jennifer Wei, Yen Huynh, Architha Ellappalayam, Lisa E. Blumencranz, Erin B. Yoder, Patricia Dauer, Bas van der Baan, William Audeh. Impact of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy on tumor transcriptome in patients with early-stage breast cancer from the FLEX trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-09-02. |
