| Popis: |
The sensorimotor system is the primary means of interaction with the world. Central to the merging of sensory and motor function are the structures of the basal ganglia: the substantia nigra, the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus. Disturbances in the basal ganglia, therefore, lead to altered amplitude, rate, or content of movement and may produce symptoms classified as a movement disorder. This chapter reviews the functional architecture of the basal ganglia from a phylogenetic standpoint and neuronal loops involved in cognitive, affective, and motor behaviors. In addition, the chapter also covers hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders with emphasis on etiology, historical and physical findings, pathogenesis, and treatment. Interactions between sensory and motor processing within the structures of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and interconnected sensorimotor structures provide smooth movements and efficient control among component movements while disturbances within these structures lead to the hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. Although much is learned through clinical observation and research investigation into these various syndromes, continued progress is needed. Collaboration between the clinicians who observe, diagnose, and treat these movement disorders and the scientists who investigate the etiology, development, and intervention of the disease states has always been the key to driving progress in treating these fascinating medical conditions. The chapter also provides a basic understanding of different types of movement disorders encountered in a neurology clinic. |
