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Evidence that a number of chemicals affect wildlife populations or individuals via interaction with endocrine systems has been increasing in recent years. Worldwide effects of tributyltin from antifouling paints on mollusc populations (Langston 1996; Oehlmann et al. 1996), effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on Baltic and Wadden Sea seals (Reijnders 1986; Brouwer et al. 1989), masculinisation of North American fish affected by pulp and paper mill effluents (Howell 1980; Munkittrick et al. 1991, 1992), feminisation of male fish in British rivers receiving effluents from waste water plants (Jobling and Sumpter 1993; Purdom et al. 1994; Harries et al. 1997), demasculinisation of alligators in Lake Apopka after a chemical spill (Guillette et al. 1994, 1995a,b, 1996) and effects on North American birds (Fry and Toone 1981; Fry 1995) are some of the most prominent and best documented examples, all attributed to chemicals exerting endocrine disrupting effects. |
