| Autor: |
Katarzyna Kulej, Krzysztof Nowak, Krystian Josiak, Robert Zymliński, Piotr Niewinski, Barbara Ponikowska, Jan Biegus, Piotr Ponikowski |
| Rok vydání: |
2021 |
| Předmět: |
|
| Zdroj: |
Heart Failure Clinics. 17:519-531 |
| ISSN: |
1551-7136 |
| Popis: |
Understanding of heart failure (HF) has evolved from a simple hemodynamic problem through a neurohormonally and proinflammatory-driven syndrome to a complex multiorgan dysfunction accompanied by inadequate energy handling. This article discusses the most important clinical aspects of advanced HF pathophysiology. It presents the concept of neurohormonal activation and its deleterious effect on cardiovascular system and reflex control. The current theories regarding the role of inflammation, cytokine activation, and myocardial remodeling in HF progression are presented. Advanced HF is a multiorgan syndrome with interplay between cardiovascular system and other organs. The role of iron deficiency is also discussed. |
| Databáze: |
OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
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