| Popis: |
Skin irritation, the response to noxious chemicals, trauma, or other insults from the environment, is common and unpleasant. This can take many forms, both visible and sensory. The mechanisms by which skin irritation is produced can vary greatly. To develop optimal strategies to prevent or ameliorate the different forms of irritation, better mechanistic understanding of irritation is needed. This is best achieved by examining each form of irritation separately in a model system. Two theoretical models describe how the skin reacts to a variety of irritants. The first is Malten’s model of irritation; the second is a model that relates to skin strata and type and degree of irritation. Initial effects of surfactants on skin and how various skin conditions affect the response to irritants are discussed. Different models for assessing skin irritation, such as closed patch testing, exaggerated usage test, exaggerated wash test, behind-the-knee (BTK) test, use testing, immersion testing, repeated hand washing, and open application tests, are described in detail. Observer, sensory, and bioengineering methods of how to assess skin dryness and skin hydration to test clinical effects of a product are discussed. |
