Scutellera perplexa

Autor: R��dei, D��vid, Tsai, Jing-Fu
Rok vydání: 2022
Předmět:
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5879774
Popis: Scutellera perplexa (Westwood, 1837) (Figs. 18���23, 34���37, 44, 45, 49���51, 57���60, 67, 68) Cimex nobilis (non Linnaeus, 1763): Fabricius (1775: 697; 1794: 80). Misidentification (Westwood 1837: 4, Dallas 1851: 18). Tectocoris perplexa Westwood, 1837: 4. Proposed for Cimex nobilis (non Linnaeus, 1763): Fabricius (1775: 697; 1794: 80). Syntypes: Ind[ia] Orient[ali] [= East Indies]; OXUM?, ZMUC? (not found). Scutellera fasciata (non Panzer, 1798): Ahmad & Mushtaq (1977: 25, 30���37) and authors. Misidentification. Cimex nobilis (misidentification): Sulzer (1776a: 113, 114) (redescription,distribution), Sulzer (1776b:pl. XI fig.c) (redescription, habitus), Fabricius ([1782]: 338) (diagnosis, distribution), Herbst (1784: 255) (redescription, habitus, distribution), Fabricius (1787: 280) (diagnosis), Gmelin (1790: 2128) (diagnosis, distribution), Fabricius (1794: 80) (diagnosis, distribution), Lichtenstein (1796: 102) (listed), Panzer (1798: 106) (redescription, habitus), Wolff (1801a: 49) (redescription, habitus, distribution), Wolff (1801b: 49) (redescription, habitus, distribution), Turton (1802: 615) (diagnosis, distribution). Tetyra nobilis (misidentification): Fabricius (1803: 129) (diagnosis, distribution), Thunberg (1823: 5) (listed). Tectocoris nobilis (misidentification): Hahn (1836: 24) (redescription, habitus, record). Calliphara nobilis (misidentification): Germar (1839: 124) (redescription, distribution), Herrich-Sch��ffer (1839: 59) (in key), Herrich-Sch��ffer (1840: 73) (figures), Amyot & Serville (1843: 30) (redescription, distribution), Herrich-Sch��ffer (1853: 30) (listed, distribution). Philia nobilis (misidentification): Schi��dte (1843: 286) (diagnostic characters). Scutellera nobilis (misidentification): Lamarck (1801: 293) (listed), Latreille ([1804a]: 164) (diagnosis), Latreille ([1804b]: 177) (diagnosis, distribution), Lamarck (1816: 491) (diagnosis, distribution), Latreille (1819: 442) (diagnosis, distribution), LePeletier & Serville (1828: 410) (listed), Burmeister (1835: 395) (diagnosis, distribution), Spinola (1837: 378) (diagnostic characters), Blanchard (1840: 158) (redescription, habitus, distribution), Dallas (1851: 18) (records), Dohrn (1859: 2) (catalogue, distribution), Dohrn (1860: 399) (listed), Vollenhoven (1863:11) (redescription, records, distribution, variability), Mayr (1866: 22) (record, variability), Walker (1867: 15) (records), St��l (1873: 14) (listed, records, distribution), Distant (1879: 44) (listed), Mason (1882: 43) (distribution), Atkinson (1884: 165) (distribution), Atkinson (1887: 161) (redescription, interspecific variability, records, distribution), Lethierry (1891: 142) (record), Cotes (1896: 82) (record, host plant), Distant (1901: 100) (record), Distant (1902: 51) (diagnostic characters, variability, distribution), Claybrooke (1903: 133) (listed), Nic��ville (1903: 119) (figures of adult and preimaginal stages, host plant, economic importance, record, distribution), Schouteden (1904: 23) (catalogue, figure, distribution), Maxwell-Lefroy (1909a: 303) (records), Maxwell-Lefroy (1909b: 672) (habitus, figures of eggs and larvae, host plant), Distant (1918: 116) (synonymy), Bainbrigge Fletcher (1920: 250) (records, host plants), Singh-Pruthi (1925: 145) (male genitalia, figure), Reh (1932: 437) (host plant, phenology), Chatterjee (1934: 5, 28) (records, distribution, host plants), Hoffmann (1935: 31, 163, 181) (catalogue, distribution), Beeson (1941: 772) (host plants), Chandra (1953: 100) (records), Mathur et al. (1958: 88) (host plant, economic importance), Jande (1959: 215) (karyotype), Kumar (1965: 46) (male and female genitalia, figures), Baloch et al. (1968: 107) (host plant), Srivastava & Dogra (1969: 525) (anatomy), Takenouchi & Muramoto (1969: 10) (karyotype), Kavadia et al. (1971: 372) (host plant, economic importance, control), Nair (1975: 63, 101, 222) (host plants, economic importance), Ahmad & Mushtaq (1977: 25, 30) (habitus, figures, morphology), Mathur (1977: 9) (anatomy of nervous system), Ahmad et al. (1979: 30) (listed), Ueshima (1979: 75) (karyotype), Ahmad (1980: 134) (listed), Afzal et al. (1982: 378) (cladistics), Nuamah (1982: 16) (karyotype), Mall & Gupta (1983: 93) (physiology), Agarwal & Baijal (1984: 55) (figures, male genitalia), Datta et al. (1985: 21) (redescription, figure, distribution), Nair (1986: 71, 109, 221) (host plants, economic importance), Afzal & Sahibzada (1988: 254) (morphology), Ghosh et al. (1994: 495, 498) (listed, diagnosis, figure, records, distribution, habitat), Meshram & Garg (1999: 536) (record, host plant, economic importance), Hua (2000: 169) (listed, distribution), Chakraborty (2004: 169) (listed), Khokhar & Khokhar (2004: 218) (redescription, habitus, host plant, record), Manoharan et al. (2006: 67) (photo, records, host plants, economic importance, parasitoids), Ambika et al. (2007: 370) (host plant, economic importance, development, economic importance, control), Biswas & Bal (2007: 301, 304) (listed, diagnostic characters, record, distribution), Chandra (2008: 142, 152) (listed, diagnosis, record, distribution), Ghosh (2008: 417) (diagnosis, figure, photo, host plant, economic importance, control, distribution), Prabhakar et al. (2008: 84) (diagnostic characters, phenology, bionomics, economic importance, distribution), Kulkarni et al. (2009: 126) (record, host plant), Aland et al. (2010: 463) (listed, photo), Biswas & Bal (2010: 230, 241) (listed, diagnosis, record, distribution), Chandra et al. (2010: 43) (record), Divakara et al. (2010: 738) (host plant, economic importance), Kumar & Naidu (2010: 62) (listed), Patel & Borad (2010: 800) (host plant, control), Ranga Rao et al. (2010: 11) (diagnostic characters, photos, host plants, life history, economic importance), Sharma & Srivastava (2010: 1116) (host plant, economic importance, control), Rajmohana et al. (2011: 106) (parasitoid), Regupathy & Ayyasamy (2011: 169) (host plant, economic importance), Sharma & Srivastava (2011: 89) (host plant, economic importance), Tara et al. (2011: 223) (listed), Anitha & Varaprasad (2012: 190) (distribution, host plant, bionomics, economic importance, control), Chandra & Kushwaha (2012: 103) (record, photo), Chandra et al. (2012: 159) (listed), Terren et al. (2012: 226) (host plant, economic importance), Sanyal et al. (2012: 656) (distribution), Sharma & Srivastava (2012: 74) (host plant, economic importance, oviposition, development, growth), Wu et al. (2012: 25) (listed), Becker et al. (2013: 240) (host plant, economic importance), Datinton et al. (2013: 104) (host plant, economic importance), Francis et al. (2013: 400) (host plant, economic importance), Habou et al. (2013: 606, 608) (host plant, economic importance), L��pez-Guill��n et al. (2013: 4, 6, 15, 16) (host plant, economic importance, natural enemies), Martin et al. (2013: 2) (host plant, economic importance), Singh et al. (2013: 199) (host plant, economic importance), Alonso & Lezcano (2014: 8) (host plant, economic importance), Babu & Livingstone (2014: 1813) (mtDNA-COI sequences), Kumar & Singh (2014: 72) (host plant), Rashid et al. (2014: 45) (host plant, economic importance), Djimmy & Nacro (2015: 1525) (host plant, economic importance), Alamu et al. (2016: 82) (host plant, economic importance), Nerlekar & Rajmohana (2016: 8737) (host plant, economic importance, natural enemy), Nikam & More (2016: 210) (listed), Tekam et al. (2018: 962) (host plant, economic importance), Pathan et al. (2019: 408) (diagnostic characters, photos, record, host plant, economic importance), Neupane et al. (2021: 7) (host plant, economic importance). Scutelera [inadvertent error] nobilis (misidentification): Ahmad et al. (1979: 47) (listed). Scutellera noblis [inadvertent error] (misidentification): Ahmad et al. (1979: 35) (records, host plants, phenology, habitus). Scutellera norrbilis [inadvertent error] (misidentification): Chakraborty et al. (1994: 473) (listed). Scutellera nobiles [inadvertent error] (misidentification): Hedge (1995: 17) (diagnosis, distribution). Callidea perplexa: Kirby (1891: 75) (record, distribution, variability). Scutellera perplexa: Lethierry & Severin (1893: 269) (catalogue, distribution), Breddin (1909: 258) (record, comparison with S. brevirostris), Kirkaldy (1909: 304, 380) (catalogue, distribution, host plants), Kirkaldy (1910: 109) (record), Bergroth (1915: 171) (listed), Hoffmann (1932a: 10) (listed), Tang (1935: 282) (catalogue, distribution), Ebeling (1950: 536, 554) (host plant, economic importance), Manna (1951: 6, 41) (record, host plant, karyotype), Manna (1958: 921) (karyotype), Stichel (1961: 728) (catalogue, distribution), Kumar (1962: 46, 53) (morphology, male and female genitalia, figures), Stichel (1962: 208) (catalogue, distribution), Sienkiewicz (1964: 114) (records), Baloch et al. (1968: 107) (host plant), Hsiao & Cheng (1977: 61) (in key, redescription, figure, photo, host plant, distribution), Nuamah (1982: 16) (karyotype), Wu (1984: 31) (distribution, host plants), Chen et al. (1985: 46) (host plants, distribution), Jiang (1985: 56) (distribution, host plants), Zhang et al. (1987: 117) (in key, host plants, distribution), Yang (1988: 101) (redescription, host plants, economic importance), Chen & Yang (1989: 46) (economic importance, distribution), Hua (1989: 43) (listed), Li et al. (1989: 38) (listed), Chen (1990: 154) (listed), Yang (1993: 211) (listed), Yu & Sun (1993: 77) (redescription, host plants, records), Zhang et al. (1994: 65) (distribution, host plants), Li et al. (1997: 44, 65, 144) (listed, host plants, distribution), Lin et al. (1999: 47) (redescription, habitus, distribution, host plants), Chen & Gu (2000: 53) (listed), Hua (2000: 169) (listed, distribution, host plants), Javahery et al. (2000: 491) (distribution, host plants, economic importance, control), Zhang & Chen (2003: 685) (listed, host plant), G��llner-Scheiding (2006: 200) (catalogue, distribution), Ou et al. (2006: 24) (listed), Shi & Xu (2006: 36) (host plant, in key), Wen & Yang (2007: 153) (listed, host plants), Yang (2007: 138) (host plants, economic importance), Chen et al. (2008: 106) (listed), Grazia et al. (2008: 936) (listed), Huang & Song (2008: 117) (records, host plant, economic importance), Parveen et al. (2010: 401) (redescription, photos, description, figures and photos of preimaginal stages, bionomics, phenology, development, host plant, economic importance), Tara & Sharma (2010a: 74) (diagnosis, photo, distribution, host plants, economic importance), Tara & Sharma (2010b: 266, 268) (host plant, diagnosis, economic importance), Sahai et al. (2011: 4684) (record, photos, description and photos of preimaginal stages, bionomics, phenology, development, host plant, economic importance), Tsai et al. (2011: 154) (diagnostic characters), Aland (2014: 90) (host plant, bionomics), Chandra et al. (2014: 200) (record, photo), Kumar & Singh (2014: 72) (host plant), Parveen et al. (2014: 237, 251) (record, morphology, figures), J.P. Singh et al. (2014: 265) (photo, record, host plant), K. Singh et al. (2014: 358) (photo, record, host plant, economic importance), Onkar & Nerlekar (2015: 179) (record, photo of 5th instar larvae, host plant), Singh & Kaur (2015: 90) (diagnosis, photos of adults and immatures, record, development, host plants, economic importance), Cai & Cui (2017: 622) (redescription, habitus, host plants, distribution), Sheikh & Iqbal (2017: 80) (diagnostic characters, photo, record, distribution), Jamwal et al. (2020: 154) (redescription and photos of adult and immatures, development, behaviour, host plant, economic importance, distribution), Neupane et al. (2021: 7) (host plant, economic importance). Scutellera perplex [inadvertent error]: Yang (1934: 257) (diagnostic characters, figure, records, distribution), Yang (1962: 23, 28) (in key, redescription, host plant, records, distribution), Yang & Wu (1981: 74) (host plants, distribution), Zhang et al. (1985: 11) (record, distribution), Chen (1987: 127) (redescription, habitus, distribution), Shen (1993: 32) (listed, host plants), Shen et al. (2014: 329) (listed, distribution), Bhagat (2015: 132) (host plant, economic importance). Scutellera perflexa [inadvertent error]: Goel (1972: 169) (unguitractor plate). Scutellera preplexa [inadvertent error]: Ueshima (1979: 75) (karyotype). Scutelleria [inadvertent error] perplexa: Hilgendorf & Goeden (1982: 149) (host plant, distribution). Scutella [inadvertent error] perplexa: Zhang (1985: 42) (distribution), Zhang (1986: 74) (distribution), Chen & Yang (1988: 89) (listed). Scutella [inadvertent error] perplex [inadvertent error]: Bhagat (2015: 129) (listed, distribution). Scutllera [inadvertent error] perplexa: He et al. (2010: 14) (host plant, distribution). Scutellera fasciata (misidentification): Mushtaq et al. (1975: 45) (preimaginal stages), Ahmad & Mushtaq (1977: 25, 30) (listed, habitus, figures, morphology), Ahmad & Moizuddin (1978: 95) (descriptions and figures of preimaginal stages, host plant, economic importance), Ahmad et al. (1979: 30, 35) (listed, record, host plant, phenology), Ahmad (1980: 134) (listed), Ahmad & Moizuddin (1980: 198) (anatomy), Moizuddin & Ahmad (1980: 19) (record, host plant, anatomy), Moizuddin & Ahmad (1981: 63) (anatomy), Afzal et al. (1982: 378) (cladistics), Javahery et al. (2000: 491) (host plant, economic importance). Diagnosis. Highly similar to S. nepalensis, the morphology of the exoskeleton is virtually identical in the two species. The dorsal markings of S. perplexa are highly variable (Figs. 18, 20, 22) but even in extreme cases the paired, obliquely transverse fasciae anteriad and posteriad of the middle of scutellum do not join the median vitta to form an extensive, confluent pattern as in S. nepalensis (Figs. 1, 2, 11, 12, 15). The two species are most reliably separated by the genitalia as it is explained under the Diagnosis of S. nepalensis. Redescription. Colour. Dorsum bright metallic blue-green, with complex black markings (Figs. 18, 20) which might be reduced or completely lacking (Fig. 22); head uniformly metallic blue-green, without black markings except of a pair of narrow, linear, parallel vittae margining clypeus and extending to base of head; scape orange to red with a narrow black annulus apically, pedicel and flagellum black; labium orange to reddish, segment III darkened, segment IV black; pronotum broadly margined with orange or red laterally, cicatrices narrowly bordered by black, a broad median vitta, a pair of small, oval submedian spots and a pair of small humeral spots on posterior lobe black; scutellum with a median vitta from its base to about its basal half, gradually tapering posteriad, with a pair of rounded spots at posterior part of basal tumescence, a pair of oval submedian spots anteriad and another pair posteriad to middle, invariably separated from median vitta, a pair of small marginal spots at middle, and a large subapical spot black; exposed portion of fore wing black, its base marginally orange; venter of head, thorax and abdomen as described in S. nepalensis. Morphology of the exoskeleton as in S. nepalensis. External male genitalia (Figs. 26, 27, 34���37, 44, 45, 49���51). Genital capsule (Figs. 26, 27, 34) subrectangular, boadly transversely truncate posteriorly in dorsal view, minute submedian denticles on posterior margin broadly separated, lateral margin (ventral rim) not emarginate and lacking distinct tubercles; infolding of ventral rim conspicuously bulging laterally, without distinct ridge along meson. Paramere (Figs. 35���37) similar to that of S. nepalensis but crown more strongly curved, its distal portion almost perpendicular to axis of stem. Phallus (repose: Figs. 44, 45, 51; inflated: Figs. 49, 50): second conjunctival processes with a large, flap-like lateral lobe (cp-II 1) with its ventral portion provided with several minute denticles, and with a mesal lobe (cp-II 2) terminating in a relatively long, claw-shaped sclerotized process; third conjunctival processes (cp-III) long, gradually tapering towards apex but distalmost portion again broadened; distal portion of aedeagus s. str. and phallotreme narrow. External female genitalia (Figs. 57���60, 67, 68). Ovipositor (Figs. 57���60). Laterotergites VIII flat, not protruding posteriad; laterotergites IX rather broadly rounded distally, closely approaching each other or adjacent along midline, greatly covering sternite X and median part of fused valvifers IX. Gynatrium (Fig. 67) with ring sclerites rather broadly separated from apex of anterolateral pouch proximally; a pair of small sclerites posteriad of spermathecal opening. Spermatheca: proximal duct slightly longer than distal duct and longitudinal diameter of dilation. Measurements (in mm). Body length to apex of scutellum 16.0���20.5; length of head 3.50���3.75, width across eyes 3.75���4.30, interocular distance 2.60���3.05; lengths of scape 1.00���1.13: basipedicellite 0.73���0.88: distipedicellite 1.85���1.90: basiflagellum 2.30���2.60: distiflagellum 2.25���2.55; median length of pronotum 3.95���5.20, humeral width 6.80���8.65; length of scutellum 10.0���13.2, greatest width 5.95���7.70. Intraspecific variability. The black markings of the dorsum are strongly variable, individuals lacking any markings (Figs. 22, 23), others with extensive markings (Fig. 18���21), and various transitional forms exist. Individuals with strongly reduced or absent black markings are most common in the Malabar Subregion and Sri Lanka. Preimaginal stages. Descriptions, figures or photos of the egg batch and different larval instars were presented by Nic��ville (1903), Ahmad & Moizuddin (1978) (misidentified as S. fasciata), Parveen et al. (2010), J.P. Singh et al. (2014), K. Singh et al. (2014), Onkar & Nerlekar (2015), Singh & Kaur (2015) and Jamwal et al. (2020). Karyotype. 10+XY (Manna 1951, Jande 1959). Detailed description and figures were presented by Manna (1951). Bionomics, economic importance. The species was recorded (partly as S. nobilis) from the jujube species Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. (as S. fasciata, misidentification) and Z. jujuba (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. (both Rhamnaceae), neem, Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (Meliaceae) (Ahmad et al. 1979, as S. nobilis and S. fasciata, misidentification), and on Xanthium str
Published as part of R��dei, D��vid & Tsai, Jing-Fu, 2022, A revision of Scutellera (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae), pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 5092 (1) on pages 17-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5092.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5869434
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