| Popis: |
Slums, the vulnerable spaces in the urban centers, lack fundamental resources and capabilities and result due to failure of policies, bad governance, corruption, inappropriate regulation, dysfunctional land markets, unresponsive financial systems, a fundamental lack of political will, rural-urban migration, urbanization, poor housing planning, poor infrastructure, social exclusion and economic stagnation, informal economy, poverty, politics, social conflicts, natural disasters, etc. Upgrading slums is a process of improving basic municipal infrastructure services such as access to potable water, sanitation, toilets, waste collection, access roads, paved foot paths, storm drainage, electricity, street lighting, public telephones, regularizing security of land tenure, and affordable housing improvements, as well as improving access to health, education, training, food and nutrition, child care, transportation, and other municipal services. Objective of this paper is to assess an improvement in various aspects relating to upgrading slums. This paper is based on the data collected from the Census of India, 2001 and 2011 and National Sample Survey Sixty-ninth Round conducted during July–December 2012. For the analysis of upgradation of slums, a Composite Z score was calculated by employing important demographic and economic variables. Findings show some improvement in respect of road, water supply, street lights, electricity, latrine facility, sewerage, drainage, garbage disposal, educational facility at primary level, and medical facilities over a period between 2007 and 2012. Spatial analysis shows a sharp regional difference in the level of slum upgradation in India. This paper is supported by the relevant cartographic representations. |
