Music Therapy Entrainment: A Humanistic Music Therapist's Perspective of Using Music Therapy Entrainment with Hospice Clients Experiencing Pain
| Autor: | Lauren DiMaio |
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| Rok vydání: | 2010 |
| Předmět: | |
| Zdroj: | Music Therapy Perspectives. 28:106-115 |
| ISSN: | 2053-7387 0734-6875 |
| Popis: | Pain is the most common symptom and most feared experience in terminal illness; therefore, attention to pain management is a defining quality of hospice care (Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association, 2004; Lattanzi-Licht, Mahoney & Miller, 1998; Mazanec et al., 2002). Traditional definitions of pain have focused on sensory and psychological results from tissue trauma (International Association for the Study of Pain, 1986). In 2004, the American Cancer Society defined pain as "A sensation that hurts." As McCaffry (2009, p. 3) explained, pain is "whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does." McCaffry recognized that the person experiencing the hurt has to define it, and the therapist needs to accept that definition. In other words, the perception of pain is reality for a client, and the therapist must enter into the reality of that person for the perception to be changed.The concept of "Total Pain" was created by Dame Cicely Saunders, founder of the hospice movement, in the 1960's following her work with terminally ill clients (Saunders, Baines, & Dunlop, 1995). In her concept of "Total Pain," Saunders discussed pain as an experience needing multiple interventions and that pain related to other problems in the patients' lives (Clark, 1999). Both Saunders and McCaffry recognized that pain is contextual to the client; thereby, it can be physical, psychological, social and spiritual. Pain is influenced by multiple factors: tissue damage, affective state, developmental stage, culture, personality style, past experiences with pain, meaning of pain and situational/environmental factors (Loewy, MacGregor, Richards, & Rodriquez, 1997).Music therapists who work in a hospice setting are responsible for assessing and treating a client's perception of pain. Several techniques are available to music therapists to assist in pain management. Music therapy entrainment is a technique used for pain management, but there is little literature available concerning its use in a hospice setting.Music Therapy Entrainment (MTE)MTE is founded on three principles: the ISO-Principle, the Concept Of Resonance Vibration, and the Entrainment Principle. This technique has been facilitated in group and individual sessions, and clients have been either active in making their sounds or passive by listening to others or to the therapist creating the music (Dileo & Bradt, 1999; Rider, 1999).The iso-principle states that after the therapist has matched music to the mood of a client, the client's mood can be altered by progressively changing the music (Dileo & Bradt, 1999). If a client is experiencing pain, then the therapist will provide music that matches the client's pain (Dileo & Bradt, 1999; Rider, 1999). Resonance is defined as the ability of the therapist to empathize as fully as possible with the condition of the client (Dileo, 1 997). The therapist could have insight into and understand the pain the client is experiencing. Resonance vibration has been described as a sympathetic vibration (Dileo & Bradt, 1 999). A sympathetic vibration encompasses a system in which two objects cause vibration in each other. The sympathetic vibration enables the therapist to perceive the client's pain and the client can sense the therapist's empathy (Dileo & Bradt, 1999). The entrainment principle is described as a "pull" exerting from one vibrating object to another vibrating object. The client and the therapist are together as they both experience the client's pain. The therapist may "pull" the client into another experience, one away from the pain (Dileo & Bradt, 1999). The application of these three principles towards pain management constitutes music therapy entrainment.It is noteworthy that various authors have described and implemented music therapy entrainment methods in different ways (Eagle & Harsh, 1 988; Loewy, MacGregor, Richards, & Rodriguez, 1 997; Rider, 1 985, 1 987, 1 997, 1 999). … |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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