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Health information systems can be described at three layers: The domain layer describing entity types and functions, the logical tool layer describing application components, and the physical tool layer. Data can be classified into personal and non-personal data and into standardized and non-standardized data.The architectures of an information system can be characterized by the number of databases, the number of application systems, the number of application software products and vendors, and the communication pattern.Technical interoperability describes the ability of application systems to send or receive data. Syntactic interoperability comprises the ability to use predefined message structures. Semantic interoperability means the ability to exchange and process meaningful messages. Process interoperability addresses whether application systems can cooperate. Interoperability standards support one or more aspects of interoperability.Integrating application systems leads to integrated health information systems. Data integration is achieved when data that have been recorded once in one application system are made available in other application systems. Semantic integration is achieved when application systems actually use the same system of concepts. User interface integration is guaranteed when different application systems organize their user interfaces in a unified way. Context integration is achieved when context is preserved when switching application systems. Feature integration is achieved when software features are implemented only once. Process integration is guaranteed when business processes are supported by cooperating application systems.Several integration technologies such as transaction management, communication servers, and open platforms support integrity and integration in heterogeneous health information systems. |
