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After the completion of the human genome project in 2003, the use of Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, Participatory therapy has gained momentum in modern medicine and pharmacy, with the demonstration of genetic variations among humans. Genome studies show that a person is special and separates from other people like a fingerprint. Differences in these personal genetic characteristics determine the individual’s susceptibility to diseases, treatment response and behavioral differences. The importance of the environmental factors behind the genetic structure in determining the phenotype has been understood with the Human Genome Project, followed by the Hap Map Project, then ENCODE, and the latest epigenome project. In the journey of Nutrigenetics and Epigenetics, we frequently encounter the question of genotype-phenotype. Genotype is the genetic code of individuals. The phenotype is the external appearance of the person that is affected by the genotype and environmental conditions. When we look at the gene structure among individuals, although 99.99% is the same genomic structure, a 0.1% change in between, that is, SNP (the replacement of one base by another in the DNA sequence) causes these changes. It has been observed that these differences in phenotype arise from differences such as food, living conditions, lifestyle, socio-cultural, and interaction with the change of economic levels. This situation also causes different diseases, different microbiota, allergies and etc. |
