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This chapter examines the rational that supports penalty enhancing statutes and sanctions for hate motivated violence. To this end, the chapter delves into theories and studies that posit hate crimes are uniquely different than their ordinary crime counterparts. The chapter reviews empirical evidence that has found physical, psychological, and quality of life coping differences that reflect the severity of injuries to hate crime victims. In addition, the impact of victims possessing immutable characteristics and the inability to use victim blaming techniques to avoid future victimizations is discussed. Chapter 6 also includes a discussion of possible intervening factors that research has uncovered that likely exacerbate the severity of bias victim injuries. The chapter includes a discussion of vicarious victimization effects on secondary victims and illuminates the effectiveness of the messages that hate crime offenders send to all members of their target bias victim groups. Lastly, chapter 6 examines the differential impact of the hate crime experience on racial and ethnic minorities. |
