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The 3D Electromagnetic Particle-in-Cell (EM-PIC) algorithm provides a powerful method to predict performance of RF amplifiers based on actual device geometry and defined operating parameters. Until recently its utility as a primary design tool has been restricted by long simulation times or limited accuracy, due to computational and/or algorithmic constraints of available implementations. Advances in the representation of geometry using conformal techniques, coupled with highly parallel implementations of the EM-PIC algorithm, have made EM-PIC viable as a primary design tool. The EM-PIC code Neptune1, 2 exploits highly parallel GPU hardware in conjunction with conformal geometry representation to perform fast, accurate amplifier simulations. It is now a primary tool at NRL for the design and simulation of single- and multi-stage TWT amplifiers (serpentine waveguide, folded waveguide, helix, transverse TWT), klystrons and EIK amplifiers, and has enabled new research into advanced device concepts including cascaded multi-beam TWTs and transverse-interaction TWT amplifiers. |
