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Existing evidence indicates higher psychological distress and risky sexual behaviour among sexual minorities (King et al., 2008; Plöderl & Tremblay, 2015, Newcombe & Mustanski, 2011). However, the evidence is mostly cross-sectional (Bailey, 2020). The Mendelian Randomisation-Direction of Causation (MRDoC) model can determine the direction of causal effects in these relationships and estimate the magnitude of these effects while adjusting for residual genetic confounding (Miniça et al., 2018). Considering that childhood factors such as childhood gender nonconformity and early life adversities are higher among sexual minorities (Xu et al., 2019) and each associated with adverse health outcomes (Alanko et al., 2009; Hughes et al., 2017); it is possible that both factors moderate these causal relationships. Only one study has previously demonstrated significant causal influences of same-sex attraction on both adverse health indices, and reverse causal influences flowing towards same-sex attraction (Oginni et al., under review). These findings were respectively consistent with the minority stress theory and feedback effects of adverse health outcomes. However, this study did not test the possibility of sex differences in these relationships or moderation of these relationships by childhood factors. References Alanko, K., Santtila, P., Witting, K., Varjonen, M., Jern, P., Johansson, A., von Der Pahlen, B., & Kenneth Sandnabba, N. (2009). Psychiatric symptoms and same-sex sexual attraction and behavior in light of childhood gender atypical behavior and parental relationships. Journal of Sex Research, 46(5), 494-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490902846487 Bailey, J. M. (2020). The minority stress model deserves reconsideration, not just extension. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 2265-2268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01606-9 Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L., & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e356-e366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4 King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-70 Minică, C. C., Dolan, C. V., Boomsma, D. I., de Geus, E., & Neale, M. C. (2018). Extending causality tests with genetic instruments: An integration of Mendelian randomization with the classical twin design. Behavior Genetics, 48(4), 337-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-018-9904-4 Newcomb, M. E., & Mustanski, B. (2011). Moderators of the relationship between internalized homophobia and risky sexual behavior in men who have sex with men: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(1), 189-199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9573-8 Oginni, O. A., Lim, K. X., Purves, K. L., Lu, Y., Johansson, A., Jern, P., & Rijsdijk. (under review). Causal influences of same-sex attraction on psychological distress and risky sexual behaviors: Evidence for bidirectional effects. Submitted to the Archives of Sexual Behavior. Plöderl, M., & Tremblay, P. (2015). Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry, 27(5), 367-385. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949 Xu, Y., Norton, S., & Rahman, Q. (2019). Early life conditions and adolescent sexual orientation: A prospective birth cohort study. Developmental Psychology, 55(6), 1226–1243. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000704 |
