The Toxicity, Persistence and Mode of Actions of Selected Botanical Pesticides in Africa against Insect Pests in Common Beans, P. vulgaris: A Review
| Autor: | Patrick A. Ndakidemi, Nelson Mpumi, Revocatus L. Machunda, Kelvin Mtei |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2016 |
| Předmět: |
0106 biological sciences
biology media_common.quotation_subject fungi Lantana camara food and beverages Intercropping General Medicine Insect Pesticide biology.organism_classification medicine.disease_cause 01 natural sciences 010602 entomology chemistry.chemical_compound Azadirachtin Agronomy chemistry Carbaryl Infestation medicine 010606 plant biology & botany Leaf beetle media_common |
| Zdroj: | American Journal of Plant Sciences. :138-151 |
| ISSN: | 2158-2750 2158-2742 |
| DOI: | 10.4236/ajps.2016.71015 |
| Popis: | Common beans are affected by many insect pests such as bean leaf beetle, aphids, legume pod borer and bean beetles. Traditional and cultural practices such as site selection, crop rotation, intercropping and seed selection, sowing date are used to reduce the infestation of insect pests of common beans in the field and in storage rooms. Natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids and pathogens can control the insect pests. Synthetic pesticides such as cypermethion, carbaryl, and lambda-cyhalothrin have reported to be effective, but are toxic to people, destroy natural enemies and contaminate the environment. Botanical pesticides are the promising alternatives. This review paper explains toxicity, persistence and mode of actions of active ingredients of botanical pesticides. Rotenone from T. vogelii has the oral lethal dose (LD50) of 132 - 1500 mg/kg to mammals. It delays the electron transport chain in mitochondria of the insects and limits the cellular energy production. Azadirachtin is antifeedant and growth disruptor of insects. It has low toxicity to mammals. The oral LD50 in mammals is greater than 3540 mg/kg. Azadirachtin displays strong effects on chemoreceptors of the insects. Pyrethrins are axonic poisons and have repellent effects to insects. It is less toxic to mammals with the LD50 of about 1500 mg/Kg. It attacks the nervous systems of insects. Sesquiterpene lactones from T. diversifolia, Pentacyclic triterpenoids from Lantana camara, Vernodalin, Vernodalol and Epivernodalol from V. amygdalina have repellent and feeding deterrents chemicals which discourage the insects from feeding the crop. Most active ingredients of botanical pesticides have short life span in the environment. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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