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This chapter discusses the three elements essential to both plant and animal life: nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Those elements are nonmetals and their covalent compounds are more numerous than their ionic compounds. Each element exhibits several different oxidation states, and the discussion of their compounds is organized by the oxidation states of the elements. The chapter describes several important industrial chemicals, namely, ammonia, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid. It presents inorganic qualitative analysis. The chapter reviews the properties of anions important to their detection by the methods of anion analysis. It discusses anions that incorporate the nonmetals, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, the halogens, and carbon, including chromate ion, which contains the metallic element, chromium. The chapter discusses the chemistry of anion analysis. A 3-to-l by volume mixture of concentrated HCl and HNO 3 is known as aqua regia (“royal water”), because of its ability to dissolve such noble metals as gold and platinum, which are inert to either acid alone. The major end uses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, and of their most important industrial products, such as ammonia, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid, are in the production of chemical fertilizers. |
