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Appropriate fluid therapy is essential to protect organ function in the perioperative period. The physiological principles of fluid and electrolyte management are well described butagapexistsbetweenknowledgeandclinical practice. In this article, we will review fluid and electrolyte physiology, the stress response to surgery and hypovolaemia, and the consequences of electrolyte disturbances. Fluid compartments Total body water (TBW) is consistently 70% of the lean body weight across age and sex ranges butvariesasapercentageofactualbodyweight between groups and individuals owing to varieddepositionofadiposetissue,whichcontains less water than muscle. TBW is � 75% of total body weight in neonates, 70% in infants and 45% in the elderly. The average adult male (70 kg) has 60% of total body weight (42 litres) as water and an adult female (50 kg) has 55% (27litres).Thiswaterisdistributedbetweenthe |
