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Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes a particular problem of arthroscopic surgical simulation. Using a simplified model of the knee dynamics, such as the extended four-bar link model, should allow sufficiently detailed synthesis of a real leg without the extremely high-powered and expensive work stations required otherwise. However, the manipulation of tissue or deformable organs requires the use of complex physically based modeling. The key problem with the implementation of this is that in the majority of cases, no adequate models of these structures have been developed by the medical community. The surgical simulators currently under development tend to come from the engineering community who, when not able to find an accepted model, apply standard physical models based on rule of thumb measurements, inevitably resulting in unrealistic dynamics. Three-dimensional deformations are usually based on one-dimensional constitutive equations derived from uniaxial tests carried out under nonphysiological conditions. Another key problem when simulating minimally invasive surgery is the lack of appropriate light modeling within the structure. |
