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Tools and techniques for enteral access have changed dramatically in large part due to advancements in the fields of endoscopy, laparoscopy, and radiology. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement is now the standard of gastric feeding access since its development by Gauderer and Ponsky in 1980. The percutaneous endoscopic technique allows for safe and feasible access without the need for general anesthesia or laparotomy in the majority of patients. Using the principles of this initial innovation, minimally invasive methods to access the gastrointestinal tract have expanded tremendously. In this chapter, we outline the evolution of minimally invasive tools and techniques for enteral access. |
