| Popis: |
Ethnicity in Hawaii is approached as a social construct created during expansion of the capitalist world-system. "Haole" typically refers to persons of European extraction, while "Local" normally refers to those of non-European origin. Portuguese-Americans are of European origin but are considered Locals. We argue that this anomaly was brought about by the different origins of two groups in the world-system. The first Europeans came to Hawaii from the capitalist core, brought capital, and soon dominated both the economy and the polity. In contrast, Portuguese immigrants came from the periphery to serve as plantation laborers. The large initial class difference inhibited subsuming both groups within the same ethnic designation. The combined class and ethnic cleavages created a set of historical structures that reproduced these very differenices. Although both Haoles and Portuguese-Americans became internally class-differentiated over time, significant class differences remained, which helped reproduce ethnic differentiation. |
