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Saccharomyces cerevisiae has many angles, as a model system for eukaryotic biology, as a powerful industrial tool and as a subject widely studied for multiple purposes. The metabolic pathways of this yeast, its primary and secondary metabolites have been analyzed in the last two decades with several technologies. The major technique used nowadays for metabolic profiling is mass spectrometry, very often hyphenated to chromatography separation methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been widely applied to S. cerevisiae yeast samples and fermented wine samples, alongside with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for untargeted analysis of a wide range of compounds. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry has been used for the analysis of charged and highly polar molecules, while direct introduction-mass spectrometry is used for fast global screening based on ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. Another major methodology applied for the yeast characterization is nuclear magnetic resonance, as it is robust, reproducible, non-destructive and produces spectral information that allows an accurate structural elucidation. Finally, some spectroscopic techniques, such as UV–Vis and infrared spectroscopy, have been applied to S. cerevisiae metabolic profiling. These techniques provide less information than mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, but still lead to fast global screening of a mixture or of a whole cell, without extraction. This review summarizes the work and research that contributed to S. cerevisiae metabolic profiling during the two last decades. |
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