| Popis: |
Chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs) are examined in this chapter. These compounds enhance transdermal drug delivery by perturbing the stratum corneum (SC) and/or other components of the skin. Skin penetration enhancers may boost SC diffusion coefficient of the drug or increase the vehicle drug effective concentration. They can also interact with keratin to increase transport through the corneocytes or improve the partitioning of drug in the SC. A diffusion-partition-solubility postulate regarding the mechanism of action of CPEs is also discussed. According to this postulate, the effects of CPEs are caused by the intercalation of CPEs with skin lipid bilayers which leads to disruption or fluidization. In addition, these enhancers are present as discrete phases in the intercellular lipid regions of the skin. Enhancers used for transdermal drug delivery include pyrrolidones, alcohols, esters, water, esters sulfoxides (such as dimethyl sulfoxide) and their derivatives, hydrocarbons, terpenes and derivatives, Azone and its analogs, amides (including urea and its derivatives), fatty acids, surfactants (nonionic, cationic, and anionic), oleodendrimers, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents. The chapter also focuses on a detailed description of this diverse and important group of compounds used for transdermal drug delivery enhancement. |
