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Osmotic stress remains inclusive, injuring living organisms including fungal species, bacteria, and higher plants, and is imposed by various environmental factors including drought, high salinity, and freezing. It can halt physical growth, cellular metabolism, and plants' survival associated with special economic damages. Modulation of gene expression facilitates the plant's response to stress leading to cellular homeostasis restoration, toxin detoxification, and growth recovery. These adaptation mediated signal transduction pathways could be disrupted by a combination of forward and reverse genetic approaches with physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies. The formation of plant osmotic adjustment is gained by elevated accumulation of K+, Na+, and Cl− (inorganic osmolytes) either by improved uptake or by controlling ion fluxes across the cellular membranes. For osmotic adjustment, organic osmolytes are likely to play a significant role that comprises the osmoprotectant of principal membrane transport proteins and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Ion transporters are referred to as transmembrane proteins that govern ions' conduction through a biological membrane against their concentration gradient through the active type of transport. The development of transgenic species with desired membrane transport proteins (e.g., ion transporters) can be a unique choice to develop transgenic plants to combat osmotic stress. This chapter will recapitulate data related to ion transporters and their possible utilization through the genetic engineering approaches to develop osmotic stress-resistant crops against unexpected and abrupt physiological arrests. |
