| Popis: |
Low dissolved oxygen environments (termed hypoxia) occur in a wide range of aquatic systems and vary in frequency, seasonality, and persistence. While there have always been naturally occurring hypoxic habitats, however, anthropogenic activities related primarily to organic and nutrient enrichment have led to increases in hypoxia and anoxia in both freshwater and marine systems. As a result, over the last 50 years there has been a rapid rise in the areas affected by hypoxia. The future of hypoxia and its consequences for fishes will depend on a combination of climate change (primarily from warming, and altered patterns for wind, currents, and precipitation) and land-use change (primarily from expanded agriculture and nutrient loadings). |
