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The major issue that prevails all over the world is potable water. Only 1% of all Earth’s water exists as liquid, whereas less than 3% as freshwater, mostly glaciers, and 97% as salt water. Desalination is the process of removing salt from sea water in order to obtain fresh water. Nowadays, scientists are exploring seawater desalination for potable water. Another key concern that exists in any country is clean energy. The energy crisis is due to overconsumption of fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal. Engineers try various sources of renewable energy. The cost of potable water and clean energy, say, the cost pertaining to capital, operation, maintenance, performance, and fuel, has increased year after year. The technologies for generating renewable energy, like solar and wind, do not have fuel costs. Modern desalination techniques incur a high initial investment and a higher maintenance cost. The life-cycle cost per litre of potable water generated by the solar stills is lower than that of conventional methods. The most cost-effective way to power desalination plants is with solar power. Seawater desalination with the use of solar power is employed in these regions as a viable alternative solution. Jordan is a country in western Asia. Water and energy sources are scarce in Jordan, with water availability in Jordan is estimated to be less than 100 m3 per year. Jordan imports 95% of its energy needs. Jordan plans to generate 14% of the country’s electricity by utilizing wind and solar energy. The use of solar stills in Jordan can reduce the dependency on oil and gas for power generation. The use of floating solar stills for seawater desalination represents a promising tool for Jordan. Solar stills work on the evaporation and condensation processes. They distil water by using the heat of the sun. Efficiency and productivity have been measured to quantify the performance of solar stills. Solar stills have the advantages of simplicity, low cost, ease of maintenance, and low environmental impact. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyze the types, materials, components, design, performance, cost, benefits, advantages, and limitations of solar stills. The paper also discussed the reduction of the effective cost of seawater desalination using floated solar energy in Jordan's Aqaba Port. |
