| Popis: |
For hundreds of years Muslim endowments arranged and/or delivered water, and established and managed water fountains for urban centers. Women as land owners and waqf creators, played significant roles in funding waterwheels, watering troughs, springs, public bath houses, etc. Thus water, women, and philanthropy seem to be tied together in Muslim communities. In this context, this chapter deals with the features of water resources, general challenges of improved water and sanitation, and highlights the likely global impact of climate change, increased pollution and population, on water security in MMCs. It analyses important factors of water security in four main sections: water security, water resources, water use, and the challenges beyond scarcity. The last section (Hygiene, Water, Gender, and the Third Sector, Sect. 9.5) deals with a major human security challenge and success stories in MMCs. It concludes that improved water and sanitation, often with the help of the third sector, transform women and girls in MMCs from water-carrier to active and healthy citizens with education and employment ensuring higher security for all. The chapter, by showing the role the third sector has been playing in creating gender equity through water security, concludes that human security cannot be achieved without freeing women and girls from the “water-chains” which is only possible with the help of the third sector because the government services do not cover all areas, especially the remote areas in the low income countries (see Chaps. 6– 8). |
