| Popis: |
‘Experimenter artifacts’ and ‘subject artifacts’ refer to systematic errors that can be attributed to uncontrolled aspects of the interaction between the researcher and the research participants or to other potentially bias-prone aspects of a research situation, such as the analysis, interpretation, and reporting of the research results. Particular experimenter artifacts that have been studied include observer, interpreter, intentional, biosocial, psychosocial, situational, modeling, and experimenter-expectancy effects. Subject artifacts that have been primarily investigated are generally concerned with the motivation of the research participants and their sensitivity and compliance with task-orienting cues. Discussed in this article are the history of artifacts in the social and behavioral sciences, the specific nature and control of experimenter and subject artifacts, and the delicate balance between ethical accountability, and the avoidance of artifacts in research with human participants. |
