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For drinking water companies, it is important to predict the lifetime of granular activated carbon (GAC) for the removal of pesticides. Full-scale experiments in pilot GAC filters are expensive and time-consuming, but fast laboratory experiments do not have the accuracy necessary for a realistic prediciton of the breakthrough curves of pesticides. The problems with these experiments and the models used for the translation of these experiments to full-scale columns are discussed. Although at the moment laboratory experiments do not predict full-scale behaviour satisfactorily, they are very useful in evaluating new combinations of treatment methods or new adsorbents. In the small-scale column tests, combinations of ozone/activated carbon and nanofiltration/activated carbon are evaluated. Also, the performance of activated carbon fibres are evaluated on a small scale. |
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