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This paper aims to explore modern techniques based on artificial intelligence (AI) and data science, in order to produce data-driven workflows to analyze, model, and simulate reservoir pressure dynamics. In this paper, it was investigated a data-driven workflow to model reservoir pressure at any point in space and time from sparse pressure data observed at wells, without building a physics-based numerical model. This workflow was termed as spatiotemporal modelling of reservoir pressure. Spatiotemporal modelling of reservoir pressure was based on a three-step workflow including multivariate analysis of pressure data and relevant explanatory variables (features), pressure modelling and spatiotemporal interpolation. The overall workflow provided a comprehensive method to understand and map the reservoir pressure dynamics using data science tools. Several modelling techniques such as generalized additive models, artificial neural networks and spatiotemporal kriging were investigated for their applicability and accuracy. The workflow was applied to a real oil and gas reservoir case, for which the reservoir pressure prediction accuracy was optimized through a few experiments. The optimum experiment produced highly accurate prediction with a mean absolute error of 26.85 psi measured on the training dataset. Moreover, a portion of data used was kept to evaluate blind test accuracy, which amounted to a mean absolute error of 55 psi, for the optimum case. The proposed data-driven workflow was aimed to improve current methods of reservoir engineering and simulation. The suggested workflow showed high accuracy in reservoir pressure predictions with high efficiency in terms of computational resources and time. Additionally, the proposed workflow was developed using open-source libraries which pose no additional cost to computation, in contrast to extremely expensive industry standard physics-based reservoir simulation software. Finally, this workflow could also be used to model other reservoir variables such as production ratios (Water cut, and Gas-Oil Ratio), contacts (Water-Oil contact and Gas-Oil contact), among others. |
