| Popis: |
Successful piping systems require detailed planning. When the process design is complete, a process flow diagram is prepared. Ideally, the piping and mechanical and instrumentation specialty engineers then design the equipment that will be used to prepare the piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID). Before the designer can choose materials that will provide safe, durable installation, he or she must first determine the applicable codes, standards, and recommended practices for construction. Equipment in a production facility must be properly located in order to minimize fire potential from venting and leaking combustible materials. Equipment orientation should allow for the maximum use of prevailing winds to enhance facility performance and provide protection of the environment against excessive pollution. Once the major equipment location is determined, the areas open to piping are established. Vessels, heat exchangers, towers, aerial coolers, and fired heaters are the heart of the process facility. This chapter covers the many aspects that need to be considered when piping this equipment. Specific topics such as pipe supports, liquid inlet piping requirements, vessel drains, bypass valves, effects of threaded piping, manholes and nozzles, and platforms and ladders are discussed. Machinery housing consists of cast iron or steel housings with forged steel in high stress components. Any bending or torsional moments caused by the piping are applied directly to the housing. These loads may result in bearing and parts misalignment that will lead to excessive wear and eventual equipment failure. This chapter discusses the proper design of piping configurations and types of connections that are necessary to avoid catastrophic failures. |
