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Many batteries technologies provide more performance, especially regarding cycle life, than needed in their applications. As batteries also unfortunately age without being cycled at all (‘calendar lifetime’) it is worthwhile to apply the batteries to one or more other markets at the same time. This can increase the utilization of storage systems and, at the same time, decrease operational costs. In this chapter the primary use cases of uninterruptible power supplies (22.2), electric vehicle batteries (22.3), and photovoltaic home storage systems (22.4) are described in detail and potential scenarios for double use in the different applications are discussed. Another way of improving the economics of batteries systems is to transfer batteries systems to a ‘second life’ application. Opportunities and threats are discussed in Section 22.5 . |
