| Popis: |
Background Lead is widely used around the world, even though unleaded gasoline has been forced by law for many years. A low level of lead exposure is considered to be associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the contribution of lead exposure, especially lead exposure from the diet for the burden of CVD, has not been quantified in China. Methods We adopted a “top-down” approach, combining the pooled blood lead levels (BLLs) published in 2001–2020 about Chinese adults and relative risk (RR) of lead-induced CVD to estimate the burden of disease (BoD) of lead-induced CVD by using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The mean observed individual (OIM) model was used to estimate lead exposure from each source (diet, air, water, and soil) and calculate their contribution rates. Results The mean BLLs of Chinese adults was 5.23 µg/dL (standard deviation [SD] = 2.21 µg/dL), which resulted in 3.239 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 3.034–3.406) million DALYs for CVD. The dietary lead exposure was the major contributor to the BoD of lead-induced CVD, accounting for 67.93%. It resulted in 2.200 (95% UI 2.061–2.313) million DALYs for CVD, including 0.711 (95% UI 0.685–0.737) million DALYs for ischemic heart disease, 1.177 (95% UI 1.113–1.241) million DALYs for stroke, 0.228 (95% UI 0.153–0.253) million DALYs for hypertensive heart disease, and 0.021 (95% UI 0.019–0.024) million DALYs for rheumatic heart disease. Conclusions Dietary lead exposure causes high BoD of CVD in Chinese adults. More efforts to clarify the sources of lead contamination and reduce lead exposure in the population are warranted. |
