| Popis: |
Cardiovascular instability is one of the main reasons for admission to intensive care. Situations such as hypovolaemia, heart failure, and vasoplegia are often mixed, between them making the diagnosis more challenging. Attention to details and careful monitoring are essential at this stage. This chapter discusses cardiovascular monitoring and includes discussion on electrocardiograph monitoring, arterial pressure monitoring, insertion of central venous catheters, common problems with central venous access, pulmonary artery catheters, echocardiography, clinical applications of echocardiography in the intensive care unit, Doppler, pulse pressure algorithms, non-invasive methods, monitoring mean systemic filling pressure, and detection of volume responsiveness. |
