| Popis: |
Abstract This paper will provide a practical overview, based on the authors' field lifecycle experiences, to the consideration of Human Factors in hazard analyses to support the design and operation of oil and gas installations. In the development of oil and gas projects, human factors issues is informally addressed through the design development but recently the US Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement's (BSEE) promulgated the rule on Safety Environment Management Systems (SEMS), API RP 75, in 2010, which now formally recognizes human factor during design lifecycle. In particular, for the element of hazard analysis the SEMS regulation states, "human factors should be considered in this analysis". Over the last 10–15 years, there have been industry papers that have discussed this topic at a high level, mostly about integration with Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOPs). However, Oil & Gas Producers (OGP) Report No. 454, Human Factors Engineering in Projects (2011) provides appropriate guidance within the HAZOP framework to address human factors in hazard analysis. Despite this history and guidance, it is evident that the lessons learned during the application of HFE in design continue to evolve with more engineering design. This paper discussed the OGP report and other guidance on Human Factors in hazard analysis along with practical lessons learned and challenges from the authors' experiences on major offshore design projects on a range of hazard analyses such as HAZOPs, Hazard Identification Studies (HAZIDs), Qualitative Risk Assessments (QRAs) and Escape, Evacuation and Rescue Analyses (EERAs), etc. The challenge continues in integrating more HFE during hazard and risk management activities in all engineering design activities. This paper has provided the impetus, guidance and momentum to address the human element in hazard analysis during the design of oil and gas facilities; this is just "the tip of the spear". |
