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Purpose: CA 19-9 is a useful marker for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer including pancreatic cancer. However, there are several previous studies about CA 19-9 elevation in benign lung diseases like emphysema, fibrosis and bronchiectasis. This study evaluates the clinical significance of serum CA 19-9 elevation in cases of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (PNTM) disease and cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Methods: Serum CA 19-9 levels in patients with PNTM (n=59) and pulmonary TB (n=36) were measured. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors related to CA 19-9 elevation in PNTM disease. The sequential changes in serum CA 19-9 before and after treatment were compared between pulmonary TB and PNTM disease. Results: The median CA 19-9 level was higher in patients with PNTM disease than in patients with pulmonary TB (PNTM: 13.80, TB: 5.85, P |