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While offensive words are found in the lexicons of the world’s languages and despite some of their similarities, offensive words are not cross-linguistically transferrable or translatable. Nevertheless, it is possible to sketch out some general linguistic properties and characteristics of offensive words across languages. As a matter of fact, offensive words themselves constitute only the lexical representation of offensive language, in terms of words or lexical items (e.g. whore, bitch in English). Offensive language may also be represented morphologically or syllabically, in affixes that offend (e.g. in Japanese, when offensive morphemes are attached to the verb fazakeru ‘to joke around’, modifying it, forming offensive predicates such as fazakeru na ‘don’t bullshit me!’ and fuzakeru na yo ‘don’t you fucking bullshit me!’) as well as syntactically or phrasally, and in phrases that offend (e.g. the offensive phrase, futu-ți Cristoșii ma-tii de cacat rânit cu lopata ‘fuck your mother’s Christ, you shit taken off with a shovel’). |
