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During the development of the mammalian brain, neocortical structures are formed by the sequential radial migration of newborn excitatory neurons. The early migrating neurons exhibit a multipolar shape, but they undergo a multipolar-to-bipolar transition at the subplate (SP) layer, where extracellular matrix (ECM) components are abundantly expressed. In this study, we revealed that the TGF-β signaling-related ECM proteins, such as latent TGF-β-binding protein 1 (LTBP1) and fibrillin 2, and TGF-β receptor II (TGF-βRII) and its downstream effector, p-smad2/3, are selectively expressed at the SP layer, suggesting that TGF-β is sequestered in a latent form by forming complexes with these ECM components and then its signaling is activated by ECM remodeling. We found that the migrating multipolar neurons transiently express a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif 2 (ADAMTS2), an ECM metalloproteinase, just below the SP layer. Knockdown and knockout of Adamts2 suppressed the multipolar-to-bipolar transition of migrating neurons, and therefore, disturbed radial migration. Similar phenotypes were observed by the perturbation of TGF-β signaling in the migrating neurons. Time-lapse luminescence imaging of TGF-β signaling indicated that ADAMTS2 activates this signaling pathway in the migrating neurons during the multipolar-to-bipolar transition at the SP layer. These results suggest that the ADAMTS2 secreted by the migrating multipolar neurons activates TGF-β signaling by ECM remodeling of the SP layer, leading to the multipolar-to-bipolar transition. We propose that the SP layer plays an essential role in the radial neuronal migration as a signaling center of the developing neocortex.SIGNIFICANCEThe neocortex is formed by the sequential radial migration of newborn neurons, which undergo a multipolar-to-bipolar transition at the subplate (SP) layer. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is abundantly expressed in the SP layer. However, the roles of the ECM in the SP layer have been unclear. We found that migrating neurons transiently express a disintegrin and a metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif 2 (ADAMTS2), an ECM metalloproteinase, just below the SP layer. We show that ADAMTS2 secreted by multipolar migrating neurons activates TGF-β signaling through remodeling of the ECM in the SP layer, leading to the multipolar-to-bipolar transition. Thus, the SP layer plays an essential role in radial migration as a signaling center of the developing neocortex |
