| Popis: |
This paper presents collaborative approaches as a strategy for addressing "wicked" problems in the area of vessel traffic safety and risk assessment. Two U.S. case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of collabo- rative decision making. Strategies for productive collaboration are provided and special considerations related to terrorism risks are discussed. 1. Decision Making in "Wicked" Environments In their seminal initial statement of the "wicked problem," Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber, professors of Design and City Planning, respectively, noted: The search for scientifi c bases for confronting problems of social policy is bound to fail, because of the nature of these problems. They are "wicked" problems, whereas science has developed to deal with "tame" problems (1). Note that the authors are using the term wicked in the sense of tricky or vicious rather than evil. They go on: …as distinguished from problems in the natural sciences, which are defi nable and separable and may have solutions that are fi ndable, the problems of governmental planning—and especially those of social or policy planning—are ill-defi ned; and they rely upon elusive political judgment for resolution. Social problems are never solved. At best they are only re-solved—over and over again. |
