Characterization and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound organics inside and outside of Chinese smoking lounges
| Autor: | Yuan Gao, Wenting Dai, Long Cui, Junji Cao, Frank S. C. Lee, Judith C. Chow, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Lijuan Li, Kin Fai Ho, John G. Watson, Yu Huang |
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| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Environmental Engineering
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Environmental engineering General Medicine General Chemistry 010501 environmental sciences 01 natural sciences Pollution World health Environmental chemistry Environmental Chemistry Environmental science Elemental carbon Carbon number 0105 earth and related environmental sciences |
| Zdroj: | Chemosphere. 186:438-445 |
| ISSN: | 0045-6535 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.006 |
| Popis: | PM 2.5 samples were collected at six indoor public places that contained dedicated smoking lounges. Samples were taken in the smoking lounges, at two indoor locations outside of the lounges, and in outdoor air near the venues. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and non-polar organic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n -alkanes ( n -C 16 to n -C 40 ), iso/anteiso-alkanes (C 29 to C 33 ), hopanes and phthalate esters (PAEs) were quantified. Average PM 2.5 levels of 170.2 ± 85.9 μg/m 3 in the lounges exceeded limits of 25 μg/m 3 set by World Health Organization (WHO); these levels were 5.4 and 3.9 times higher than those indoors and outdoors, respectively. High ratios of OC to PM 2.5 , OC to EC, and PAHs diagnostic ratios in the lounges indicated contributions from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The maximum carbon number (C max ) and carbon preference indices (CPI) for n -alkanes showed ETS transport from the enclosed lounges to nearby indoor non-smoking areas. Iso/anteiso-alkanes in the lounges were 876.5 ng/m 3 , ∼80 times higher than outdoor levels. 17α(H)-21β(H),30-norhopane and 17α(H)-21β(H),(22R)-homohopane were much higher in the lounges than outdoor air, but they cannot be directly attributed to ETS. Estimated carcinogenic risks of PAHs in the lounges exceeded the acceptable level of 10 − 6 . |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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