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Testing culturally and linguistically diverse populations challenges test developers and test users across the world. In the context of educational and psychological tests, validity and fairness issues associated with developing these tests have increased substantially due to significant changes in the test takers’ demographics. This chapter focuses on four interrelated issues pertaining to language and culture in testing (LCT): test purposes, constructs to be measured, target populations, and test construction and data analysis. All issues are discussed in the light of fairness and validity for test takers from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Special attention is given to language-minority test takers. The chapter combines research results from different perspectives with a special emphasis on work done in the fields of language assessment and psychometrics. Examples of language and educational content assessments are provided and discussed from different perspectives. |
